LawHund's RuleFor a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity.
LawAufbau PrincipleIn the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels before occupying higher levels.
LawHeisenberg Uncertainty PrincipleIt is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and momentum of a particle with arbitrary precision.
LawBorn–Oppenheimer ApproximationThe motion of atomic nuclei and electrons in a molecule can be separated because nuclei are much heavier and move much slower than electrons.